Research & Citations

Published research, theses, datasets and presentations in which GIGAmacro or Magnify2 systems produced or presented the data. Every entry here has been checked against its source.

  • All
  • Botany
  • Dendrochronology
  • Digital pathology
  • Ecology & biomonitoring
  • Entomology & taxonomy
  • Geology
  • Geoscience education
  • Heritage science
  • Palaeontology
  • Software & tools

Deep Learning Optics for Computational Microscopy and Diffractive Computing

Bai, B.
2023
UCLA
A UCLA doctoral thesis running a blinded staining-quality evaluation on image patches hosted on the GIGAmacro platform.

Assassin Fly (Diptera: Asilidae) Systematics and Predator Ecology

Alberts, C.H.E.
2023
UC Davis
A UC Davis doctoral thesis whose author took the habitus photographs herself on the Bohart Museum Magnify 2.

Deep Learning-enabled Cross-modality Image Transformation and Early Bacterial Colony Detection

Wang, H.
2020
UCLA
A UCLA doctoral thesis uploading transformed microscopy images to the GIGAmacro Viewer for pathologist review.

Computational deep learning microscopy

de Haan, K.
2022
UCLA
A UCLA doctoral thesis using the GIGAmacro Viewer to let board-certified pathologists confidentially review whole slide images in a browser.

Taphonomy, diversity and distribution of small shelly fossils surrounding archaeocyathid reef systems, Death Valley

Bennett, C.C.
2023
University of Missouri
A University of Missouri thesis imaging small shelly fossils from Death Valley on a Magnify2, sorted by taphonomic grade.

Coprolites of the late Eocene using virtual paleontology

Webb, J.L.
2022
University of Missouri
A University of Missouri thesis photographing late Eocene coprolites on a Magnify2, working on material from the Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology.

A geochemical investigation into the genetic history

Wong, C.
2024
University of Missouri
A University of Missouri geochemistry thesis using a Magnify2 for its optical microscopy and imaging.

Discoidal fossils from the Ediacaran Wood Canyon Formation

Edwards, E.L.V.
2024
University of Missouri
A University of Missouri thesis imaging Ediacaran discoidal fossils on a Magnify2.

Taxonomy, taphonomy, and ecology of Silurian fossils

Miller, A.
2021
University of Missouri
A University of Missouri thesis photographing Silurian fossils on a Magnify2, working on material borrowed from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Geology Museum.

Tracing the threads of time: elucidating early evolutionary histories of arthropods

Rosbach, S.A.
2024
University of Missouri
A University of Missouri dissertation using a Magnify2 for high-resolution mosaic photography alongside SEM and optical microscopy.

A geochemical, taxonomic, and phylogenetic investigation of Paleozoic arthropods

Pulsipher, M.A.
2020
University of Missouri
A University of Missouri thesis collecting high-resolution photomosaics of Palaeozoic arthropod type specimens on a Magnify2.

Biotic interactions in the fossil record: an investigation on the patterns of predation

Epa, Y.R.
2022
University of Missouri
A University of Missouri doctoral dissertation on predation in the fossil record, crediting Gigamacro microscopy for its shell imaging.

The resin defenses of eastern larch in response to eastern larch beetle: exploring insect-host dynamics under changing climatic conditions

Graham, G.
2024
University of Minnesota
A University of Minnesota thesis scanning tree cores at roughly 18,000 dpi on a GIGAmacro system, processed with tools built by the AISOS imaging centre.

Local versus Regional Patterns of Fire, Climate, and Growth in Pinus resinosa Ait. in North-Central Minnesota

Peterson, K.
2025
University of Minnesota
A University of Minnesota thesis on fire, climate and growth in red pine, crediting the AISOS Gigamacro and LinearSnap systems for its tree-core imaging.

Green Ash 2001 Flood Event at Mississippi River Floodplain

Danz, J., Trumper, M., Crawford, D.
2024
University of Minnesota
A University of Minnesota undergraduate research project imaged tree cores on a GIGAmacro to compare early wood vessel size in the five years either side of a 2001 flood.

A New Genus and Species of pompiline Spider Wasp from Northern South America (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae: Pompilinae: Priochilini)

Wasbauer, M.S., Kimsey, L.S.
2019
Zootaxa
UC Davis entomologists photographed a new genus and species of spider wasp on a Magnify 2 for its formal description in Zootaxa.

Male genitalia, hierarchical homology, and the anatomy of the bullet ant (Paraponera clavata; Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Boudinot, B.E., van de Kamp, T., Peters, P., Knollinger, K.
2024
Journal of Morphology
Senckenberg Frankfurt used a Magnify 2 for the whole-body habitus imaging in a multimodal anatomical study of the bullet ant, alongside synchrotron microCT and confocal microscopy.

Tree defenses, host choice, and reproductive success of a native bark beetle under novel outbreak conditions

Graham, G., Windmuller-Campione, M., Griffin, D., McKee, F., Aukema, B.
2026
Ecological Applications
University of Minnesota forest entomologists scanned tree cores at roughly 18,000 dpi on a GIGAmacro system to link tree defences to bark beetle success.

Taxonomic update on Cordyligasterini (Diptera: Tachinidae: Dexiinae), new generic synonyms and new species of Neosophia Guimaraes

de Vilhena Perez Dios, J.H., de Santis, M.D.
2026
Entomological Science
Smithsonian NMNH material photographed on a Magnify2 for a revision of a neotropical tachinid tribe, including the description of two new species.

Gigapixel imaging as a resource for geoscience teaching, research, and outreach

Bentley, C., Pitts, A., Rohrback, R.C., Dudek, M.
2015
AGU Fall Meeting 2015
A community college geology programme running two GIGAmacro systems as part of a public gigapixel image collection, and describing the Viewer release the same year.

Museomics, molecular phylogeny and systematic revision of the Eurepini crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Eneopterinae), with description of two new genera

He, S., Su, Y.N., Tan, M.K., Zwick, A., Warren, B.H., Robillard, T.
2024
Systematic Entomology
The Australian National Insect Collection imaged roughly 90 per cent of a cricket tribe on a GIGAmacro system, including holotypes, for a museomics revision.

Vignettes on preservation, preparation, and paleoecology

Jacobs, G.S.
2022
University of Missouri
A University of Missouri dissertation that photographed acid-residue fossil recoveries on a GIGAmacro robotic system before machine-learning segmentation in FIJI.

Preservation and bias in the Cambrian fossil record

Leibach, W.W.
2022
University of Missouri
A University of Missouri masters thesis on Cambrian fossil preservation, with specimen imaging on a Magnify2 and composites assembled in GIGAmacro Flow.

Improving Reference Database Representation of California Aquatic Macroinvertebrates

Stinson, S., Connon, R., Lawler, S.P.
2019
AGU Fall Meeting 2019
A UC Davis team imaged 148 mayfly, stonefly and caddisfly specimens on a Magnify2, then sequenced them, to close gaps in the DNA barcode library used for California water quality biomonitoring.

DendroStitcher V1

Bernauer, E.
2026
Zenodo
Open-source software written by a third party specifically to stitch GIGAmacro images of wood samples.

Integrated portable spectroscopy for the analysis of Roman mosaics from Marroquies Altos, Jaen, Spain

Sanchez, A., Montejo, M., Tunon, J., Vandenabeele, P., et al.
2026
npj Heritage Science
Roman mosaics in Jaen published as high-resolution orthophotos, made viewable to readers through the GIGAmacro Viewer.

Unlocking biodiversity data with robotic imaging and AI-driven transcription of natural history collections

Johnson, C.A., Willigan, E.M., Hwang, E.Y., Austin, P.M., Chang, K.L., Daly, P., et al.
2026
Science Advances
The American Museum of Natural History imaged specimens and their labels at scale on a Magnify2, and acknowledges buying the system.

Species discovery in Southern African bee flies: a new species in the revised genus Enica Macquart, 1834

Rollinson, L., Cabrero, A.
2025
African Invertebrates
A new Southern African bee fly described from Magnify2 imagery.

DrawerDissect: whole-drawer insect imaging, segmentation, and transcription using AI

Postema, E.G., Briscoe, L., Harder, C., Hancock, G.R.A., Guarnieri, T.E., et al.
2025
EcoEvoRxiv
An AI pipeline for whole-drawer insect imaging built around, and designed for, Magnify2 output.

Resolving taphonomic and preparation biases in silicified faunas through paired acid residues and X-ray microscopy

Jacobs, G.S., Jacquet, S.M., Selly, T., Schiffbauer, J.D., Huntley, J.W.
2024
PeerJ
Acid-residue fossils imaged on a Magnify2 and compared against X-ray microscopy to test preparation bias.

X-ray tomographic microscopy of Eocene coprolites from Pipestone Springs Main Pocket, southwest Montana

Jacquet, S.M., Webb, J.L., Huntley, J.W., Selly, T., et al.
2023
Frontiers in Earth Science
Eocene coprolites imaged at gigapixel resolution alongside X-ray tomography.

Label-free virtual HER2 immunohistochemical staining of breast tissue using deep learning

Bai, B., Wang, H., Li, Y., de Haan, K., et al.
2022
BME Frontiers
UCLA ran a blind pathologist evaluation of 240 virtually stained breast-tissue patches on the GIGAmacro Viewer.

Biotic interactions between conulariids and epibionts from the Silurian Waukesha Biota

Miller, A.A., Huntley, J.W., Anderson, E.P., et al.
2022
PALAIOS
Silurian conulariids and their epibionts documented on a Magnify2.

A new approach to measuring tree-ring density parameters

Silkin, P.P., Kirdyanov, A.V., Krusic, P.J., Ekimov, Barinov, Buntgen, U.
2022
Journal of Siberian Federal University. Biology
Tree-ring cell structure imaged on a Magnify2 at 0.92 micron pixel size, as part of a new density-measurement method.

Macroinvertebrates.org: creating a digital teaching collection of common freshwater macroinvertebrates of eastern North America

Kautz, A.R., Louw, M.R., Bartley, C., Morse, J.C., Wenzel, J.W.
2022
American Entomologist
A digital teaching collection of freshwater macroinvertebrates built on gigapixel imaging, with the GIGAmacro robot pictured in the paper.

Taxonomic revision of the mydas-fly genera Eremohaplomydas, Haplomydas and Lachnocorynus (Insecta, Diptera)

Boschert, C., Dikow, T.
2022
African Invertebrates
Mydas-fly genera revised at the Smithsonian using a Magnify2 rig.

A new species of Saropogon Loew, 1847 (Diptera, Asilidae) from Arizona, with a review of the Nearctic species north of Mexico

Alberts, C.H.E., Fisher, E.M.
2022
ZooKeys
Robber flies revised using two separate Magnify2 rigs, at the Bohart Museum and the Smithsonian.

Deep learning-based transformation of H and E stained tissues into special stains

de Haan, K., Zhang, Y., Zuckerman, J.E., Liu, T., et al.
2021
Nature Communications
UCLA pathologists reviewed virtually stained kidney biopsies through the GIGAmacro Viewer in an ordinary browser.

First palaeoscolecid from the Cambrian (Drumian, Miaolingian) Marjum Formation of western Utah, USA

Leibach, W.W., Lerosey-Aubril, R., et al.
2021
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
A new Cambrian worm described from specimens imaged on a Magnify2 and stitched in GIGAmacro Flow.

Gigapixel macro photography of tree rings

Griffin, D., Porter, S.T., Trumper, M.L., Carlson, K.E., et al.
2021
Tree-Ring Research
The University of Minnesota applied gigapixel macro photography to tree-ring cores, setting out the method that later dendrochronology work builds on.

A review of Southern African Choerades Walker, 1851, with the description of a new species (Diptera, Asilidae, Laphriinae)

Londt, J.G.H., Dikow, T.
2019
African Invertebrates
Robber flies reviewed using a Magnify2 alongside a second imaging lab.

Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Rhabdotylus Lutz, 1913 (Diptera: Tabanidae)

Turcatel, M.
2019
Biodiversity Data Journal
Smithsonian horse-fly types revised from whole-habitus images captured on a Magnify2.

Two- and three-dimensional representations of Thomas Bewick woodblocks

Hancher, M., Luce, D.T., McFadden, C., Porter, S.T.
2019
University of Minnesota Data Repository
Nineteenth-century engraved woodblocks captured at gigapixel resolution for art-historical study.

Kit-bashing camera code: lessons in developing auto-assist tools to complement the GIGAmacro Photography System

Zimmerman, A.N.
2019
Making the Case for Natural History Collections
Indiana University built tooling around its GIGAmacro workflow and reported a 98.5% cut in camera setup time.

Bringing microfossil specimens into the light: using semi-automated digitization techniques to improve collection accessibility

Thorpe, E.D.
2019
Making the Case for Natural History Collections
Indiana University used a Magnify2 to make its microfossil collection accessible, automating photography and post-production.

GIGAmacro annotated GigaPans for use in geoscience education: an example from Pinnacle Peak Park, Scottsdale, Arizona

Kwiatkowski, C.J.
2018
GSA Annual Meeting, Indianapolis
Northern Arizona University used the GIGAmacro Viewer to bring annotated field geology to students.

Telling North America geologic story with ultrahigh resolution GigaPan photography, the GIGAmacro viewing platform, 3D models, and Google Earth

Bentley, C., Rohrback, R., Cooper, G., Pitts, A.
2018
GSA Rocky Mountain / Cordilleran Section
The GIGAmacro viewing platform presented as part of a toolkit for telling North America geologic story.

Filling the gap of whip spider distribution in Asia: Phrynichus persicus sp. n. (Arachnida, Amblypygi)

Miranda, G.S., Zamani, A.
2018
Zootaxa
A new Iranian whip spider described from Smithsonian Magnify2 imagery.

Taxonomic revision of the assassin-fly genus Microphontes Londt, 1994 (Insecta, Diptera, Asilidae)

Markee, A., Dikow, T.
2018
African Invertebrates
Southern African assassin flies revised from Magnify2 habitus images.

Collections management and high-throughput digitization using distributed cyberinfrastructure resources

Motz, G., Zimmerman, A., Cook, K., Bancroft, A.
2018
Biodiversity Information Science and Standards
Indiana University pairs its own GIGAmacro system with cloud infrastructure to digitise tens of thousands of microfossil slides.

Melanic variation underlies aposematic color variation in two hymenopteran mimicry systems

Hines, H.M., Witkowski, P., Wilson, J.S., Wakamatsu, K.
2017
PLoS ONE
Bumblebee and velvet-ant colour variation quantified from Magnify2 imagery.

New emerging high resolution imaging curriculum content and practices

Cooper, G. (GIGAmacro), Bentley, C., Rohrback, R.
2017
GSA Annual Meeting, Seattle
GIGAmacro presented on high-resolution imaging in the geoscience curriculum at GSA 2017.

Zenodo scan datasets: God of Music Carved Stone (cross polarized) and Building Stamp Scan

AISOS, University of Minnesota (Zenodo deposits)
2016
Zenodo
Carved stone and a building stamp scanned by the University of Minnesota imaging service and published as open datasets.

The moss family Erpodiaceae in Yunnan Province, China

Ma, Wen-Zhang, Shevock, J.R.
2015
Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution
Yunnan mosses documented with Magnify 2 imagery produced at the California Academy of Sciences.

GSA Short Course 519B: GigaPan and GIGAmacro for the Geosciences

Instructors: Piatek, J. (Central Connecticut State), Richards, R. (North Idaho College), Schott, R. (Bakersfield College)
2014
GSA Annual Meeting, Vancouver
GigaPan and GIGAmacro taught as a named short course to geoscience educators at GSA 2014.